#CYANIDE ANTIDOTE KIT SKIN#
Other: acute lung injury, nausea and vomiting, cherry-red skin color.Cardiovascular: decreased inotropy, bradycardia followed by reflex tachycardia, hypotension, and pulmonary edema.CNS: headache, anxiety, agitation, confusion, lethargy, seizures, and coma.Signs and symptoms of cyanide poisoning include the following: When ingested as sodium or potassium cyanide, the lethal dose is 100–200 mg.Ĭyanide kills quickly death occurs within seconds of a lethal dose of cyanide gas and within minutes of ingestion of a lethal dose of cyanide salt.2 The central nervous system (CNS) and cardiovascular systems are chiefly affected. In 1995, the Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyo placed cyanide in subway bathrooms.Ĭyanide poisons the mitochondrial electron transport chain within cells and renders the body unable to derive energy (adenosine triphosphate-ATP) from oxygen.4 Specifically, it binds to the a3 portion (complex IV) of cytochrome oxidase and prevents cells from using oxygen, causing rapid death.Īirborne release of cyanide gas, in the form of hydrogen cyanide or cyanogen chloride, would be expected to be lethal to 50% of those exposed (LC t50) at levels of 2,500–5,000 mg In the 1980s, cyanide may have been used in the Iran-Iraq War, on the Kurds in Iraq, and in Syria.
Both World Wars saw the use of cyanide: during World War I, it was employed by French and Austrian troops during World War II, Nazi Germany used the rodenticidal product Zyklon B to kill millions of people. Cyanide was also used during the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), during which Napoleon III urged his troops to dip their bayonet tips in the poison.
The use of cyanide in warfare dates to Roman Emperor Nero (37–68 CE), who used cyanide-containing cherry laurel water as a poison. 2,3 In medicine, cyanide can be found in the widely used antihypertensive sodium nitroprusside, each molecule of which contains 5 ions of cyanide.īecause it is a fast-acting and highly lethal chemical, cyanide poses an ongoing threat as a weapon of terrorism, whether it is delivered in oral form via sodium cyanide and potassium cyanide or as a gas via hydrogen cyanide and cyanogen chloride. In industry, it is used in manufacturing, pesticides, and can be found in several industrial chemicals. Despite its toxicity, cyanide has many roles in industry and medicine. Cyanide is a naturally occurring chemical can be produced by certain types of bacteria, fungi, and algae and found in several types of plants, seeds, and fruit stones, including bamboo, cassava, bitter almonds, apples, and peaches. Despite its historical use as a chemical warfare agent, the most common cause of cyanide poisoning is smoke inhalation from fires.įirst isolated in 1782, cyanide is a compound composed of carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom (C≡N). Two notable incidents in recent history include the Jonestown Massacre in 1978 and the Tylenol poisonings in 1982, which highlight the lethality of this poison. 1 It is highly lethal, whether inhaled as a gas, ingested in solid form, or absorbed through topical exposure. Cyanide is a naturally occurring chemical, found in many plants, that has been used in conventional warfare and poisoning for more than two millennia.
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